Political science Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Political science - Research Paper Example ossible for hyperglobalization to be fully-embraced by countries without negative consequences.This is because one way or another, there will always be clauses within international policies set by the WTO that can either be beneficial or detrimental to a country’s growth, of which it may be impossible to fully change or circumvent these policies in the country’s favor. In turn, the government has to choose between following the international policy at the cost of the economy and of the local market, or be subject to the sanctions imposed to countries when these are unable to comply with international standards. Either way, unless governments are able to strike a balance between smart globalization and national democracy, it can be expected that local and international trade policies will always clash, and the government and its economy will bear the burden of its effects. Issues on hyperglobalization arose from incompatibilities between national interest and of international policy implementation. The issues that arose from Argentina’s economic problems in the 1990’s were able to capture the essence of the inherent incompatibility of hyperglobalization with national democracy, wherein the over-reliance of politicians to â€Å"tried-and-tested† methods of maintaining economic growth became its downfall upon the crash of the Asian markets and the devaluation of neighboring Brazil’s currency(185). Due to the reluctance of some politicians to change economic and trade laws that were considered obsolete even by then-standards, the crises that came about and resulted to the overvaluation of the Argentinian peso with respect to other neighboring countries made investments less profitable. This caused a large amount of capital to be pulled out from the country, which in turn cascaded into wider panic among citizens as more and mor e people pulled out their money from financial institutions and essentially reduced the monies circulating and fueling the economy. The

Collaboration Quiz Essay Example for Free

Collaboration Quiz Essay What are the advantages of having diversity in a collaborative learning environment? Having diversity in a collaborative learning environment opens up more possibilities of learning, you will have more ideas and different views on the situation. The advantages on diversity are the different backgrounds of the group members. Because of this they’ll all have a different way of thinking about the subject at hand. With different attitudes, learning styles, and work ethics it really makes a difference in a collaboration learning environment. One of these advantages is they we all have stories of what we know and or been through. So having information on something you have learned on been through in the past is a valuable input. How might factors such as diversity, attitude, learning, and work styles affect collaboration? The factors of diversity, attitude, learning, and work styles affect collaboration by setting a different mood of the situation. All of these combusts can either be a good thing or a bad thing. Since we all are very different in every way one person may feel as their answer is right and don’t deserve to be changed. The different work styles also affect collaboration for example some people are faster workers than others and are very impatient while others like to take their time and double check their work for error. But this may also be a good thing; since there are so many inputs onto the situation their way or thinking may change and will come to a conclusion on the best answer. How does personal responsibility influence the work and success of a group? I think personal responsibility has a strong influence on the work and success of a group, because a lot of people have families and jobs to take care of and at the end of the day they are very tired and feel to rest. There are a lot of things that can happen unexpectedly that no one can predict that’ll cost you to take time off from classes. This can affect the success of the group because if you do not post in the chat how will anyone know if you have your work of the assignment that needs to be turn in?

The Great Gatsby - Narrators Role in Establishing Theme Essay

The evolving character of an interactive narrator can help discern key themes in a novel. F. Scott Fitzgerald's social examination of life in America's Jazz Age relies heavily on Nick Carraway, the narrator, acting as a 'Trojan horse' for Fitzgerald to smuggle his own ideologies into The Great Gatsby. Fitzgerald endorses realist class relations as power relations over the romantic and archaic 'Jeffersonian dream of simple agrarian value'. He also favours the view that the American upper class's 'carpe diem' approach to life placed capitalist society in a moral downwards spiral, instead of conforming to mainstream ideas of the Age such as 'money can buy happiness'. Nick?s statement that people are only ?pursued? (generally the upper classes, being chased due to their lifestyle) or ?pursuing? (chasing the lifestyle of the pursued). These mutually exclusive states mean that Nick believes all the characters with which he interacts can be stratified into one of these two groups, seemingly based on class. The narrator also claims that people can also be ?busy and?tired?. Again, these two vaguer classes cannot exist together. At first examination it may seem that this ?black and white? observation of the members of Gatsby?s America is shortsighted. However at that stage on the novel Nick is entitled to make such a judgement. Immediately after Nick?s thought entered his ?heady? mind, he had just learnt the purpose of ?purposeless splendour? from Jordan: that Gatsby had moved to West Egg to be close to Daisy. This ?pursuing? of Daisy, the ?five years? of busy waiting, is certainly a revelation to the reader, and to Nick. Nick also says that he had forgotten about ?Daisy and Gatsby?, though it still must have played on his subcons... ...towards her old family (?Do they miss me), these all serve to promote Fitzgerald?s endorsed theme of the corruption of the traditional values of the West, and how the ?Money can buy happiness? myth sends society into a downwards spiral. The way that Nick Carraway, as an interactive narrator, relates to different characters (and what they stand for) in the novel conveys the extent to which Fitzgerald endorses or challenges that character?s ideologies. Nick tarnishes all characters with a cynical, stratifying brush in order to smuggle in the main ideologies of the text by creating a pastiche of these themes. Nick?s black-and-white thought of the ?pursuing, the pursued, the busy and the tired? serves to reinforce the contrast of what is endorsed and challenged through the book, via the medium of the narrator?s interaction with different creations of the author.

Psychological factors of tennis :: essays research papers

TASK ONE PART A FEEDBACK AND MOTIVATION OFFERED TO THE PLAYERS BY THE COACH TO IMPROVE SKILLS, COURT PLAY AND MENTAL ATTITUDE Stuartholme A Grade Tennis Team Dennis Sheard, (the coach of the A team) was mainly focusing this particular training session on footwork and communication as he felt that the team lacked both these factors during their previous Saturday match. The following are a few quotes from Dennis  "Awesome footwork Alex, could you feel the difference between that ball and the last?" Dennis indicates when the players use the correct technique and then compares it to a previous shot where they do not. This is enabling them to get used to using internal feedback independently and how they should be executing the shot.  "Correct technique, but you didn’t squeeze the grip again. The raquet shouldn’t wobble as you hit it." Dennis recognises the problem, explains it and then evaluates it for the player, making it clear what they did wrong and how they can improve it.  "If you’re partner gets a hard ball to reach I want to be able to hear you encouraging her to get it to it, I want to hear lots of "Go, go go’s!!"" Dennis stresses the importance of communication and encouragement in doubles. This communication increases motivation and a goal to reach for the players.  "I don’t want to see any slumped shoulders or negative expressions when you miss a ball, that’s the time you need to be even more confident and focused on getting the next point." Dennis reminds the girls constantly on staying positive and not losing their patience during their games as this can make them become over or under aroused. Psychological Stuartholme D6 Tennis Team The D6 coach Kate, was fairly quiet during their coaching session and when she did offer advice she would sometimes put it with a shot that didn’t necessarily match the comment, confusing the girls. This is a lower ranked team and the girls are still at quite a cognitive stage of developing their tennis skills, this means it is vital that they receive a lot of feedback and encouragement to persist with the sport. By not offering this Kate may be hindering their development. She did however put forward the following points to the girls.  "Good shot"  "Move your feet"  "Keep your eye on the ball"  "Swing slower" Although Kate is offering advice to her players in order for them to improve their skills she needs to be more specific so they can understand their mistakes and correct them.

Moderation vs. Extremism

Man is a complex individual. Embodying the gift of life and the challenge of living it, man is faced with challenges brought by the decision he makes in living his life. Through these challenges, he explores his identity and personality. He is able to assess his inherent characteristics, his abilities and skills. The discovery of his potentials will lead him to utilize it in a manner in which he sees fit. The ability to do what he wants in life is attributed to the freedom that he lives.Humans are driven, free, and capable of governing their lives. The need to survive is the challenge that humans continuous to overcome every day. The individual behaves and reacts to the situations and the people around him. He has an idea of what he wants in life and how he should live it to its full potential. Personal reasons such as success or the need for financial resources and a suited career is sometimes included in the reasons why man behaves and reacts towards his surroundings in a certain w ay. All these reasons contribute to what is essential in life, to be happy.It is such a clichà © for people to talk about happiness in the modern times the society now lives in. The information technology era had brought a perception that man is keen to adapt in a fast-paced and complicated life. The modernism ideology has influenced how people thinks and behaves. This can be mostly associated with the need to be famous, or rich. To further understand how man identifies himself with happiness, Socrates’ definition and view regarding happiness can be used to explain how it is. The Greek word â€Å"ethos† is where the word ethics is derived from.Consequently, the word also is defined as â€Å"habit†.(Beebe, 2003) Socrates is one of the several philosophers who explored the definition of habit and character that one must cultivate in order to live. On a greater scale, how should man be and become in this life. Socrates believed that one should settle the definitio n of ethical character as a manifestation of its morality actions.(Beebe, 2003) As an example, when a child discovers his father killed someone, and his father is hunted by the F.B.I, when someone ask him, he would automatically refuse to be truthful about the whereabouts of his father.This is considering the facts that the child admires his father very much and can not imagine his father committing the crime. In that situation, should the child be tagged as a liar and dishonest person, considering the person involved in very dear to him and is a very influential person in his life. Should one doubt the ethical character of the child or understand the reason why he had lied. This is the question that Socrates posted on the idea of ethical values. With the definition of ethics comes the idea of virtue. Virtue is also associated to â€Å"excellence† and can be applied in many aspects of our lives. Socrates posted a question, â€Å"when does someone consider his life to be happ y?† (Beebe, 2003)Beneath the question is the question connecting the idea of virtue and happiness.   Using the definition of virtue, it questions how man can be of his full potential. What can make his life truly happy? In reality, when one person thinks of happiness, it becomes a subjective view on the person’s life. Socrates on the other hand thinks of happiness as an objective feature of one’s life. Socrates also claimed that â€Å"the most important thing is not life, but the good life†.(Beebe, 2003)This statement comes with the idea that the fulfillment of life is the essence of life itself. Happiness is not just the mere smiles and the happy feeling attributed to it, but when everything is wrong, one lives and overcomes it. This is exercised by the ethical and virtuous persons. They consider more of the quality of their lives rather than just the length and living simply the life they ought to live. Understanding Socrates definition of ethics and v irtue, rather than the pursuit of wealth, reputation, prestige and others, one must focus on aspiring to be ethical and virtuous more than anything else.Because these two ideas generates happiness, is a factor of happiness and creates the life with moral quality. Virtue and happiness is both necessary and sufficient to be able to be happy. Being virtuous is necessary to become happy. The idea of living a virtuous life is fulfilling the excellent kind of life a person can fulfill. This is disregarding the material aspirations of one’s life, in return, one gains the ideals of honesty, fairness, and bravery that contributes to the quality of life one lives. These attributes may not give enough material possessions but the morale and quality of life is the result of living the virtuous life.In Socrates famous saying, â€Å"The unexamined life is worth not living†.(Beebe, 2003) To this saying we pose the idea of wisdom and the pursuit of knowledge and reason. Virtuous livin g is having the gift of rationality and the capacity to think critically. The discussion of virtue is also important in the pursuit of happiness. Virtuosity also comes with work. Being virtuous is a process and a pursuit, and together with work, one can achieve happiness. We can therefore say that according to Socrates, one can not be happy without being virtuous, and one can not be virtuous without being wise.BEEBE, J. R. (2003) Socrates on Prozac and Happines. acsu.buffalo.edu.Beebe, James R. â€Å"Socrates on Prozac and Happines†.   2003. Lecture notes. acsu.buffalo.edu. November 27 2006. .Kalin, J.G., Davis, G.S, and Geisler, N.L. â€Å"Determinism†.   2004. November 27 2006. .

Bridget Jones’s Diary vs. Pride and Prejudice Research Paper Example

Bridget Jones’s Diary vs. Pride and Prejudice Research Paper Example Bridget Jones’s Diary vs. Pride and Prejudice Paper Bridget Jones’s Diary vs. Pride and Prejudice Paper Essay Topic: Pride and Prejudice Bridget Jones’s Diary by Helen Fielding is about a single woman over 30, who smokes too much, drinks too much, and has a tendency to say whatever comes into her mind. She asks herself; can she find her place in the world, and a man? Her parents recommend a man by the name of Mark Darcy. While he might be wealthy and polite, he just seems too awkward and stiff. Is she going to find the love of her life or is she ever going to live the rest of her life in loneliness and despair? Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen takes place in Georgian England where Mrs. Bennet raises her five daughters Jane, Elizabeth, Mary, Kitty, and Lydia,- with the purpose of getting them married to rich husbands that can support the family. They are not from the upper class, and their house in Hertfordshire will be inherited by a distant cousin if Mr. Bennet dies. A wealthy bachelor by the name of Mr. Bingley and his best friend Mr. Darcy arrive in town to spend time near the Bennet’s. The shy and beautiful Jane falls in love with Mr. Bingley whereas Elizabeth finds his friend, Mr. Darcy, a snobbish and cold man. She swears to loathe him forever but interestingly enough this is instead the beginning of their wonderful love story. Bridget Jones’s Diary (BJD) was written by Helen Fielding in 1996. This is one hundred and eighty-three years after Pride and Prejudice (PP) was published in 1813. With that in mind, Bridget Joness Diary would seem to be quite different from Pride and Prejudice but BJD is sometimes regarded as a modern interpretation of P, especially seen through the plot and characters. The girls in both books have to get a husband, but for totally different reasons. However, there are probably more differences than similarities between the two books. You can definitely see that BJD takes place almost two centuries after P because the language, the setting and the theme differ quite a lot from P. Language and social codes stand apart be

Free Essays on Response To Kate Chopins Ripe FIgs

Response to Kate Chopin’s â€Å"Ripe Figs† Kate Chopin’s â€Å"Ripe Figs,† leaves my mind searching for more. I do not feel satisfied after reading and re-reading this story. A little girl name Babette lives with her godmother Maman Nainaine. Kate Chopin, I believe, is trying to depict the differences between a young girls view on time an older woman views. Babette is a young girl who can’t wait for the figs to ripen. Is this because she wants to eat the figs? No, it is because Maman Nainaine told her she can visit her cousins on the Bayou-Lafourche when the figs have ripened. You can see the seasons changing as Babette is watching the figs close, for any signs of change. They go from seedlings to these beautiful ripe figs, much like the growth of ourselves. We start small and then eventually, after many â€Å"seasons,† we â€Å"ripen.† To a young girl, time passes very slow, but to an older woman like Maman-N, time goes by too fast. As we get older, I feel that we yearn for our yesterdays, and dread the tomorrows. It is just the opposite for someone who is just beginning to â€Å"ripen.† The author states that Babette is â€Å"restless as a humming bird,† while the godmother is â€Å"patient as the statue of la Madone.† This shows that the more â€Å"ripe† we are, the better we are at waiting for something. Can you remember a time when you were young that you had to wait for something? Did time seem to pass slowly? If you had to wait for the same thing now in your more mature state, would it feel the same? I was not given the chance to slowly ripen. Forced to mature at the age of thirteen, I feel cheated. Oh how I would love the chance to be in Babette’s shoes, although Babette would probably long to be in mine. I feel that I am a bruised fruit who was taken from the tree too early. I found this story hard to respond to. Although I can see deeper meanings, I did not feel that I connected with this author. I do not like the ï ¿ ½... Free Essays on Response To Kate Chopin's Ripe FIgs Free Essays on Response To Kate Chopin's Ripe FIgs Response to Kate Chopin’s â€Å"Ripe Figs† Kate Chopin’s â€Å"Ripe Figs,† leaves my mind searching for more. I do not feel satisfied after reading and re-reading this story. A little girl name Babette lives with her godmother Maman Nainaine. Kate Chopin, I believe, is trying to depict the differences between a young girls view on time an older woman views. Babette is a young girl who can’t wait for the figs to ripen. Is this because she wants to eat the figs? No, it is because Maman Nainaine told her she can visit her cousins on the Bayou-Lafourche when the figs have ripened. You can see the seasons changing as Babette is watching the figs close, for any signs of change. They go from seedlings to these beautiful ripe figs, much like the growth of ourselves. We start small and then eventually, after many â€Å"seasons,† we â€Å"ripen.† To a young girl, time passes very slow, but to an older woman like Maman-N, time goes by too fast. As we get older, I feel that we yearn for our yesterdays, and dread the tomorrows. It is just the opposite for someone who is just beginning to â€Å"ripen.† The author states that Babette is â€Å"restless as a humming bird,† while the godmother is â€Å"patient as the statue of la Madone.† This shows that the more â€Å"ripe† we are, the better we are at waiting for something. Can you remember a time when you were young that you had to wait for something? Did time seem to pass slowly? If you had to wait for the same thing now in your more mature state, would it feel the same? I was not given the chance to slowly ripen. Forced to mature at the age of thirteen, I feel cheated. Oh how I would love the chance to be in Babette’s shoes, although Babette would probably long to be in mine. I feel that I am a bruised fruit who was taken from the tree too early. I found this story hard to respond to. Although I can see deeper meanings, I did not feel that I connected with this author. I do not like the ï ¿ ½...

10 Easy Ways for Students to Raise Their FICO Score

10 Easy Ways for Students to Raise Their FICO Score Why Students Need a Good FICO Score A FICO score is a type of credit score that is calculated with software from Fair Isaac Corporation (FICO).  Having a good FICO score is very important if you want to get approved for fair interest rates on private student loans, credit cards, and other sources of credit. FICO scores cant be improved overnight, but there are  10 easy steps that students can take to raise their FICO score Step 1: Establish New Accounts If you want to establish credit or raise your FICO score, you can get a credit card in your name and use it responsibly. This means charging regularly and paying the balances off regularly as well. If possible, get a card with a high limit and always keep the card balance below 25 percent. Step 2: Piggyback on Another Account If a parent or some other responsible individual is willing to add your name to their credit card account, it might help your credit and boost your FICO score. Every time this person charges and makes payments on the account it will look good for you. Read more about the legality of piggybacking. Step 3: Get Secured Debt If you are having difficulty getting approved for a regular credit card, try getting a secured credit card. These cards are perfect for those who have poor credit because they allow you to make charges that can be covered by money you have already applied to an account. There is no way for you to overcharge or miss payments. Eventually, use of the card will increase your FICO score. Step 4: Dont Apply for Too Much Credit If you have a flurry of credit inquiries on your credit history because you applied for 10 different credit cards and 5 different loans in a three-month period, it can lower your FICO score. If you can, try to limit yourself to two inquires each year. Step 5: Increase Your Current Card Limits The lower your balances are on your credit cards in comparison to the limit of your credit cards, the better your credit report will look and the higher your FICO score will be. If getting the balances paid down is proving to be a problem, or even if its not, contact your creditors and ask for a higher limit. Step 6: Pay Off Old Accounts If you have old, unpaid debts on your credit report, it can really drag your FICO score down. One of the best ways to undo the damage that has been done is to pay off old accounts and make arrangements with the creditors to have the judgments removed. Step 7: Dont Close Old Accounts Even if they are unused, old credit  accounts attribute to your length of credit history and affect your score. The longer you have an account, the better it looks. Closing old accounts can lower your FICO score even further. Step 8: Always Pay Bills On Time Not paying your bills on time is a sure-fire way to lower your FICO score. Each late payment can lower your score by as much as 20 points. In contrast, paying your bills on time consistently can raise your FICO score. Step 9: Lower Your Debt Having a significant amount of outstanding debt, such as student loans, cars loans, and other types of installment loans, can lower your debt-to-income ratio and in turn, your FICO score. If you can lower your debt; your FICO score will begin to rise at a fast pace. Step 10: Get Help If you are having a hard time managing your credit and raising your FICO score to an acceptable level, consider getting professional help through a low-cost or no-cost credit counseling service.

ENG315 WEEK5 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ENG315 WEEK5 - Term Paper Example I was able to insert some argument points that not only inform my audience, but also influence them to believe that what I am presenting is the best proposal there is. Another tip from Toastmasters International (2011) for effective speaking is â€Å"Organizing your proposal,† which again, I find very useful. Sometimes, we get to wrapped up in details that we fail to see where the presentation is really going. A good organization of ideas will lead the audience better towards the position the presenter wants them to be. 2. Delivery - Of the different types of speech delivery, identify which type or types you would feel most comfortable with and explain why. Identify and explain which type of speech delivery with which you would feel most uncomfortable. Describe what you could to do overcome this. => I would feel most comfortable in extemporaneous speeches, because it will give me more leeway to add more ideas according to the current situation or audience, and at the same time will give me the structure of the best organization of ideas to present. I would feel most uncomfortable with impromptu speeches because of the lack of available time to prepare (McKerrow, 2006, p.35-6). I believe that I can overcome this by reminding myself that for impromptu speeches, though I will strive to give the best speech possible, I should not scold myself if it comes out less than perfect. If I keep thinking this way, and keep on allowing myself to be exposed to impromptu speeches, I believe the exposure and practice will develop me more into delivering better and better speeches, impromptu or not. => I made several drafts of the presentation. After each draft, I put myself in the place of my audience. â€Å"What would I want to know? What questions would I want answered? If I am against the proposal, what will convince me to at least give it consideration?† (Guilmartin, 2010, p.211) All these questions prompted me to revise and keep on revising

Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Discussion - Assignment Example hat has been ignored by most of the top managers of organization as the central focus has always been the development of intelligent quotient (IQ) (Murphy, 2006). The development of the emotional intelligence has been proposed to be a group affair in which groups and teams are formed such that they develop the urge as a unit in achieving a common objectives and goals as agreed. In such a situation a credit given due to success is no directed to an individual but to the entire group that participated in the process (Murphy, 2006). The two researchers further proposes that the need to institutionalize emotional intelligence is paramount in enabling very member to feel a sense of belonging and to even develop the enthusiasm in the work place. In conclusion, their approach to management of workers in a work place is counter productive, the individuals will be clumped together as groups with specialized duties and within the groups are the teams which consist of people of specialized duties. They make it crystal clear that in their model the teams constitute part of the groups while the groups are not part of the team. There model also enhances specialization and division of labor which is a prerequisite to higher production per

Management and Organisational Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management and Organisational Behaviour - Essay Example Again, the relationship between a company’s business structure and cultural parameters throw light on the performance potential of the company. The structural pattern of small business units is generally flat owing to the reduced hierarchy levels between the employees and owner of the company. However in case of big concerns the structural system attains a much complex pattern with the creation of several functional departments. It signifies a specialized performance pattern of the business unit. The difference in the organizational structures is also closely associated to the degree of control exercised over the people or employees in achievement of organizational objectives. The different organizational structures underline the nature and extent of responsibilities entrusted on the employees which also calls for rendering of rewards and punishment. Similarly the employees working together in groups design the organizational culture and cite the norms and ethics of the compan y. The cultural system of a company is flexible and is decided between the mutual understanding of the upper and lower management levels depending on circumstances and situations. Both the structural and cultural parameters work together in designing the norms of business leadership for efficient performance of the organization (Rollinson, 2008, pp.4-5). ... The set of organizational values also indicate the behavioral and communicating patterns of the employees with external interested parties like the customers, government and similar other interest groups. Further the existence of organizational culture helps in encouraging the people to work in a group network in order to achieve organizational objectives. The behavior and attitudes of the group of people working closely with each other are governed by the cultural parameters set by the company which in turn helps in the fulfillment of business objectives. On the other hand the group dynamics of the different individuals are also governed by the system of organizational structure. The system of organizational structure governs the level of interaction between the people at different organizational levels in order to achieve business objectives. The structural parameters of an organization help the employees to coordinate with each other and also to communicate in an effective manner with other hierarchies. This renders a sense of support to them to work more effectively in fulfilling business goals (Jennifer, 2009.p.6; Mullins, 2008, pp. 66-70). Organizational Culture and Leadership Organizational leadership centers on the maintenance of the core values and business philosophy of the concern as distinct from other companies performing in the external environment. These core values and visions upon which a business functions are formulated through the development of organizational cultures. Development of organizational cultures also enhances the ethical and loyal parameters in the behavioral patterns of the employees within an organization. These organizational

Why did the suffragette movement in London turn violent in 1908 Essay

Why did the suffragette movement in London turn violent in 1908 - Essay Example The Daily Mail in London, on 10th January 1906, used the word â€Å"suffragette† to identify those women who adopted the method of action and violence in their campaign for their right to vote. â€Å"Suffragists† was used for those women who adopted peaceful and conventional methods in their campaign. Although the women had been fighting for their right to vote ever since the 1860s, the movement gained its momentum under the leadership of Emmeline Pankhurst and her two daughters Christabel and Sylvia. The Pankhursts’ established the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) in 1903. According to June Purvis (2003), Emmeline was moved by the plight of women in poverty. She believed that the only way the women could gain their rights in the society was through the right to vote. As June Purvis (2003) writes, Emmeline believed that â€Å"women.. had to form their own independent movement if the vote was to be won and to find new ways of breathing life into the women’s suffrage campaign.† Pankhurst disagreed with the ways of the NUWSS led by Millicent Garrett Fawcett. NUWSS had adopted peaceful and â€Å"ladylike† conventional methods of campaigning and also recruited men for various positions. According to Purvis (2003), â€Å"Emmeline was convince d that a fresh approach was needed and that women had to do the work themselves.† This led to the formation of the WSPU. It was made clear that the WSPU would be different from the NUWSS. They pledged to limit the membership to women only and to be satisfied with nothing but action. As Purvis (2003) writes, â€Å"Deeds, not words† was adopted as the main motto of the WSPU.

Why Change Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why Change - Article Example uct adaptation refers to process through which a manufacturer makes changes to improve an existing product and make it more appealing to a target market usually in new markets (Byrne, 2010). Products are a result of the underlying socio-cultural phenomenon of a given society. Society’s perception of what the product is and what bundles of benefits it provides according to prevailing socio-cultural needs is the fundamental basis for product differentiation (adaptation). The adjustments in a product’s main components are made in accordance to the particular target market needs and consumption behavior. Research on consuming trends and preferences as well as product class in the market can provide useful insights on how to modify all or some main components of an existing product (Cooper & Edgett, 2009). America’s fast food franchise McDonald’s entry into the Indian market in 1996 is a classic case of how product adaptability can be used to enter international markets that are culturally different. Other fast food chains had largely ignored the Indian market before 1990 and those that did ignored the cultural differences eventually leading to their collapse and withdrawal from the market. There is a highly fragmented food market in India characterized by millions of roadside stalls and carts. This represents a large ‘eating out’ culture. However, the market is also significantly influenced by high pressure groups mainly comprising health and animal welfare activists. McDonald’s strategy included the exclusion of pork and beef items from its menu considering that 40% of Indians are vegetarians. An alternative vegetable, fish and chicken menu was adopted. The menus therefore were color-coded into green for vegetarians and purple for non-vegetarians. The Maharaja Mac replaced the famous ‘big mac’; chicken patty replaced beef and introduction of spicy menus with less garlic in its sauce. This strategy reflected a much higher degree of adaptability

Why did the suffragette movement in London turn violent in 1908 Essay

Why did the suffragette movement in London turn violent in 1908 - Essay Example The Daily Mail in London, on 10th January 1906, used the word â€Å"suffragette† to identify those women who adopted the method of action and violence in their campaign for their right to vote. â€Å"Suffragists† was used for those women who adopted peaceful and conventional methods in their campaign. Although the women had been fighting for their right to vote ever since the 1860s, the movement gained its momentum under the leadership of Emmeline Pankhurst and her two daughters Christabel and Sylvia. The Pankhursts’ established the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) in 1903. According to June Purvis (2003), Emmeline was moved by the plight of women in poverty. She believed that the only way the women could gain their rights in the society was through the right to vote. As June Purvis (2003) writes, Emmeline believed that â€Å"women.. had to form their own independent movement if the vote was to be won and to find new ways of breathing life into the women’s suffrage campaign.† Pankhurst disagreed with the ways of the NUWSS led by Millicent Garrett Fawcett. NUWSS had adopted peaceful and â€Å"ladylike† conventional methods of campaigning and also recruited men for various positions. According to Purvis (2003), â€Å"Emmeline was convince d that a fresh approach was needed and that women had to do the work themselves.† This led to the formation of the WSPU. It was made clear that the WSPU would be different from the NUWSS. They pledged to limit the membership to women only and to be satisfied with nothing but action. As Purvis (2003) writes, â€Å"Deeds, not words† was adopted as the main motto of the WSPU.

A comprehensive business plan for a new start-up venture Essay

A comprehensive business plan for a new start-up venture - Essay Example The head quarters is expected to be run by a total of 5000 employees comprising those in the production unit, assemble plant and various positions of marketing. Each distribution shop is expected to have 3 shopkeepers. The mission of the company is to become the gateway to academic success for students at all levels of education in the UK, especially those at the pre-tertiary level who hardly have any opportunity of owning their own Tablet PCs. The company’s business composition comprises three major aspects of work, which are production, marketing and servicing. For each of these components of business, the company has different capabilities, which are spread across different stages of the company’s lifeline. These are briefly summarised in the table below Different components of business are expected to be made up of different personnel in terms of numbers, qualification, job type, and job description. There shall however be no specific requirements by way of gender. The table below outlines the number personnel and qualifications needed for each component by timeline of the company. The three major components are going to be managed by different hierarchies of managers, administrators and supervisors. The hierarchy is needed to make the practice of organisational reporting easier and free flowing. The chart below gives an overview of the organisational hierarchy to be in place at the workplace The product named Slate is a basically an academic Tablet PC. This means the product can be described from two major perspectives, which are academic and Tablet PC. The academic component is simply made of both pre-installed and customised educational tools. The pre-installed educational tools focus on school based syllabus for different courses at different stages of education. At the secondary level for example, there will be syllabus on courses such as Biology, Geography, Home Science, etc. The tablet component is basically a

Resistivity Coursework Essay Example for Free

Resistivity Coursework Essay Theory suggests that the resistance of a wire is found with this formula: R=? L/A R = Resistance ? = Resistivity of wire L = length of wire A = cross-sectional area I will now perform an investigation to confirm the legitimacy of this formula and confirm a value for ? in a Nichrome wire. Planning A4c: Fully labelled Diagram A4d, A6d: Comprehensive list of Apparatus including Instrument Ranges Variable power supply unit Analogue ammeter, accuracy 0. 01A, range 0 to 1. 0A Analogue Voltmeter, accuracy 0. 1V, range 0 to 5V Copper leads x5 Crocodile clip x2 Nichrome Wire (diameter=4. 57 x 10-4m). Ruler, accuracy 0. 001m, range 0 to 1. 000m A2c: Safety Confirm the Initial power supply is at 0 volts other wise huge voltages will most likely cause unnecessary heating in wires including the Nichrome not only a hazard but may compromise my readings. Make sure my practical investigation is free of all or any obstructions; any unnecessary wires may cause a short circuit leading to damaging the power supply unit, ammeters and voltmeters. A4b, A6a: Identifying Variables and Constants The variables in this investigation are voltage (V), resistance (R) and length of Nichrome wire (L). Resistance and length are directly proportional to each other. Constants are current (I), cross sectional area of wire (A) Resistivity (? ) and temperature of the Nichrome wire. An R against L graph must look like this, (look below,) if resistance and length are directly proportional to each other. A4c: Detailed Plan   confirm power supply unit is at 0v construct apparatus as illustrated in diagram   connect voltmeter negative crocodile clip on 0. 100m   increase current to 0. 30A   take reading from voltmeter as quickly as possible for the wire to remain at the same   switch off power when entering the reading into required data   connect the voltmeter negative crocodile clip to increased 0. 200m   repeat process till I reach 1. 000m   repeat the whole process again but with 0. 60A   plot a graph of R vs. L which is required to be a straight line through the origin   use the graph of R vs. L to find the value of R use Display complete essay. The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section. Download this essay Print Save Heres what a teacher thought of this essay 4 star(s)

Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm

Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm To solve the planning problem, we proposed an ACO algorithm with further designed. ACO builds solutions in a step-by-step manner and enables the use of problem-based heuristics to guide the ants to search the way; it is possible to design heuristics are useful to direct the ants to schedule the critical tasks as early as possible and to assign the project tasks to suitable employees with required skills. The Ant Colony Optimization promises to give solution with fast and perform well on the given problem. In consideration of the previous experiments, the proposed approach is compared with four other approaches on three real projects with randomly generated instances. Ant Colony Optimization algorithm can be described as the repeated execution of the following three main procedures: Solution construction Pheromone management Daemon actions The solution construction strategy in the proposed algorithm has two steps: 1) Construction of the task list 2) Construction of the matrix for employee allocation. The pheromone values are to be updated by the local and the global updating rules. 6.2 Software Environment 6.2.1 Features of .Net Microsoft .NET is a set of Microsoft software technologies for rapidly building and integrating XML Web services with Windows-based applications, and Web Application solutions. The .NET Framework is a language-neutral platform for writing programs that can easily and securely interoperate. There’s no language barrier with .NET: there are numerous languages available to the developer including Managed C++, C#, Visual Basic and Java Script. The .NET framework provides the foundation for components seamless interaction locally or remotely on various platforms. Net mainly standardizes the common data types of various languages and communication protocols so that components created in different languages can easily interoperate. â€Å".NET† is also the collective name given to various software components built upon the .NET platform. The .Net platform will provide to develop both products and services (like .NET My Services, Passport and so on). 6.2.2 The .Net Framework The .NET Framework has two main parts: The Common Language Runtime (CLR). A hierarchical set of class libraries. The CLR is the key feature of .net that described as the â€Å"execution engine† of .NET. It provides the common execution environment to execute programs which will be implemented in different languages. The main features .Net is Converting a low-level assembly-style language which is called as Intermediate Language (IL), into a native code (0’s and 1’s) to the platform being executed on. The new feature garbage collection that manages the memory efficiently. Verifying and also enforcing security restrictions on the code when it is running. Contains version control feature that maintains different versions of the programs and other such features. The following some other features of the .NET framework are described: Managed Code The programming language code which targets .NET framework is called managed code. Both managed and unmanaged code can be running at the runtime, but only the managed code contains the information that allows the CLR to make guarantee and execute, for any instance, the safe execution and interoperability. Managed Data Managed Code comes with the Managed Data. Common Language Runtime provides allocation of memory and dealing location facilities, and also garbage collection. Some .NET languages use Managed Data by default; those are like C#, VB .NET and JScript.NET. Targeting Common Language Runtime will be depending on the languages are using; make certain constraints on the available features. With the managed code and unmanaged code, one can have both the managed data and the unmanaged data in .NET application development the data that doesn’t get garbage collected but instead is looked after by unmanaged code. Common Type System The CLR uses something called the Common Type System (CTS) to strictly enforce type-safety for different languages supported by .Net. This will ensure that all classes which are implementing should be compatible with each other class, describing these types in a common way. Common Type System that defines how types (classes, interfaces, structures†¦) work at the runtime, which also enables these types in one language that interoperate with the types(classes, interfaces,..) in any other language, including with cross-language exception handling. CTS will ensure that the types are only used in a particular way; the runtime environment also ensures that the code does not make attempt to access any memory that is not allocated to it. Common Language Specification The Common Language Specification provides built-in rules and specifications that support for different languages interoperability. It also ensures that can be developed managed code is fully used by different developers using various programming languages, a set of language features and specifications has been defined in Common Language Specification (CLS). The components which follow these specifications and expose only Common Language Specification features are considered as CLS-compliant code. 6.2.3 The Class Library .NET provides one more special feature called base class library contains hierarchy of classes that are in built. Base class library defines more than 1000 types of inbuilt classes. Each and every class that defined in special construct called the namespace. The root namespace defined System or System.Object. System namespace contains basic types like Int16, Byte, Double, and String, etc. as well as Object. Objects of any class that derived from the System.Object. All the types have been differentiated into two types, Value types and Reference. Value types can be allocated in the stack memory that can provide more flexibility. Also having features called boxing and unboxing, boxing means of converting value types to reference types and vice versa. The base class library (BCL) is a library of classes that are pretty comprehensive. BCL providing generic collections, network I/O, Security, threading, and so on, which provides also XML and database connectivity using ADO .Net. The base class library is subdivided into groups of related namespaces; each namespace provides variety of classes that are related logically. 6.2.4 Languages Supported By .Net The multi-language capability of the .NET Framework and Visual Studio .NET tool enables the programmers to use their programming skills to develop different types of applications like standalone applications, Web services, and web applications. The .NET framework also supports different versions of languages like Visual Basic, C++, VB.NET, and Managed C++, and so on. C# is an object oriented programming language used to develop the various applications like web, windows, web services,†¦there is no standard library for C# on its own but it has been designed with the help of using the .NET libraries. Fig. 6.1 Net Framework C#.NET is also compliant with Common Languages Specification and that supports structured exception handling with System Exception namespace. Common Language Specification is a set of rules that are followed by the Common Language Runtime. CLR is the execution engine provided by the .NET and it performs the execution of the code, makes the development process very easy. The objects or components that created by C# able to use in other CLS-compliant languages. Can be use objects and components created in any other CLS-compliant languages in C#.NET. The CLS ensure that complete interoperability between applications, regardless of the different languages used to design the application. 6.3 Features of SQL-Server SQL-Server is a Microsoft’s official data base server which will use to maintain large number of tables with relations. The OLAP Services feature available in SQL Server version 7.0 is now called SQL Server 2005 Analysis Services. The term OLAP Services has been replaced with the term Analysis Services. Analysis Services also includes a new data mining component. The Repository component available in SQL Server version 7.0 is now called Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Meta Data Services. References to the component now use the term Meta Data Services. The term repository is used only in reference to the repository engine within Meta Data Services. SQL-SERVER database consist of six type of objects. They are, Table Query Form Report Macro

The Longest Memory :: essays research papers

Whitechapel is the focal character of D'Aguiar's novel, The Longest Memory however, the author has used a great many other characters whose stories also stand-alone. Why has D'Aguiar structured his novel in this way and how does it lead the reader to an understanding of the impacts of slavery? D'Aguiar's central purpose is to make us reflect upon American society during the slavery era and to acknowledge its realities so that we understand the capability for evil that exists in society. D'Aguair has used Whitechapel and his memories to encapsulate the brutality and inhumanity of slavery. The succeeding narratives further our understanding of the society and these are presented in a manner that forces the reader to accept D'Aguiar's judgements. The characters represent all of the voices of the society including people from different races, social status's and both genders so that the reader can see the position society imposed upon all citizens. The forms of the individual narratives help us to understand the reality of society because they allow the characters to emerge as individuals, telling their own stories with undisguised honesty. The Longest Memory is told from the oldest to the youngest character showing how society instilled its ideals on each generation in an unc ompromising manner and so the stories overlap and intertwine, to illustrate this D'Aguiar has used an overwhelming tone of sadness and despair to emphasise the negative feelings that society created. Whitechapel's narrative focuses on the symbolism of seeing; the reason for this is to give the reader a sense of the extent to which society enforced its beliefs upon people and how much it effected them. Whitechapel has lived a very long time and has finally realized the truth about his enslavement and the extent to which he is dehumanized; this is emphasized by his regretful tone and demonstrates his disgust. The dehumanisation that has occurred is over his philosophies that as a slave he could earn respect through hard work and loyalty; this is rejected when his son is killed. The repetition of the phrase, 'I am nobody'; acknowledges that as a slave the society could not reward his loyalty or hard work because he had no status. Various narratives have been put after each other so that the reader can compare two characters to see the different impacts that society had on them. This Juxtaposition is used to confront the reader with the inhumanity of the views of some characters such as Sanders Senior, the placement of Cook straight after shows that contrary to Sanders seniors disgusting beliefs she is quite human and is dramatically effected by his beliefs, the societies beliefs.

Darkness Illuminated

Since the conception of humanity, man has been fascinated with that presence which illuminates, yet cannot be touched. Mankind has brought it into his religions, giving it a great deal of importance in his creed. Following in the footsteps of his ancestors, Nathaniel Hawthorne uses light as a tool of God that illuminates the darkness of human iniquity and exposes its permanence. He studies the psychological theme of the impossibility of eradicating sin from the human heart in his novel The Scarlet Letter. The use of light in order to fortify this psychological theme confirms its significance in the novel. As though he were weaving an elaborate tapestry, Hawthorne meshes lights intense symbolism into his characters natures until a chef d’oeuvre manifests itself upon the loom of the readers intellect. This tapestry serves as a subtle background upon which the characters sinful hearts are bared. As Hawthorne navigates the reader through the passages of his dark tale, one follows Hester as she goes to Governor Bellinghams mansion. Light is reflected by almost every aspect of the extravagant dwelling. Through the narrators words, we see the Governors house as Hester sees it: â€Å"†¦though partly muffled by a curtain, it [the hallway] was more powerfully illuminated by one of those embowed hall windows†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hawthorne 101). One can envision the brilliant sunlight streaming though the immense window, slicing through the facade of the Governors feigned sanctity. Is not simplicity one of the fundamental tenets of the Puritan faith Yet Bellingham, the very person that passed judgment on Hester and her sin is laid bare to the readers opened eye. Here, light shows Governor Bellingham to be corrupt due to his improvident lifestyle. In his genius, Hawthorne defines light not only as a presence, but as an animate consciousness. Still acting as a tool of God, light seems to run away from Hester when she tries to touch it. Pearl, in her inexplicable intuitiveness, says to Hester, â€Å"†¦the sunshine does not love you. It runs away and hides itself, because it is afraid of something on your bosom† (Hawthorne 180). Although Pearl makes this comment concerning the scarlet â€Å"A†, one may argue that the sunlight is actually afraid of Hesters sin, and not the scarlet â€Å"A†. In this case, light is used to remind Hester of her sin and to bring it to the front of her mind as punishment for her adultery. Not only does light show Hesters sin to herself, it shows her sin to others as well. Near the end of the story, Mistress Hibbins speaks with Hester, â€Å"I know thee, Hester; for I behold the token. We may all see it in the sunshine; and it glows like a red flame in the dark† (Hawthorne 237). By shining on the palpable reminder of Hesters sin, the sunlight screams to others of the scarlet letters noncorporeal counterpart: her immorality. Though the scarlet â€Å"A† is intrinsically only a superficial indication of Hesters sin, Mistress Hibbins goes beyond this surface detail when she says, â€Å"I know thee†, implying that she perceives the immutable nature of Hesters sin. Light can expose not only exterior indications of human sin, but can also make known the sin itself. Hawthorne leaves the reader with a crystal clear picture of how light is a brutal reminder of mans permanent sin. It cuts, pierces, even shatters the masks which man tries to place over his sin. Man no longer falls on his knees in awe of the dazzling lightning bolt or the godlike rays of sunlight through misty clouds. He no longer regards light as a magical deity to be worshipped. Despite this, Hawthorne again bestows upon light its original glory as a thing of God. Its role remains constant as an exhibitor of iniquity, a spotlight lancing into the sordid darkness of mankinds damned souls.

Apple Board of Directors

Lydia Butler Board of Directors Apple A. Board of Directors 1. William V. Campbell Chairman Intuit, Inc. (external) 1983 Tim Cook CEO Apple (internal) 2011 Millard S. Drexler Chairman and Chief Executive Officer J. Crew (external) 1999 Albert Gore, Jr. Former Vice President of the United States (external) 2003 Andrea Jung Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Avon Products, Inc. (external) 2008 Arthur D. Levinson, Ph. D. Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Genentech, Inc. (external) 1980 Ronald D. Sugar, Ph. D. Former Chairman and CEO Northrop Grumman Corporation (external) 2010 2. Members of the board do in fact own stock in Apple including Tim Cook who was given 1 million shares when he became CEO. 3. From research online I found that most Board members had a mix of both public and restricted stock depending on the person. 4. All of the board members are seasoned CEO’s of their own corporations, many of which have been the best of their expertise for decades and served on many other boards. 5. The year each member of the board joined is adjacent to their names. 6. Members of the board do not only â€Å"rubber stamp† management decisions but are also excited to use their talents and ideas to further better the company. For example, in his bio on Apple. com, it is stated about that Ron Sugar that: â€Å"In addition to having been the CEO of a high-tech Fortune 100 company, Ron has a Ph. D. in engineering and has been involved in the development of some very sophisticated technology. † CORPORATE GOVERNANCE A. Board of Directors 1. Who is on the board? Are they internal or external members? 2. Do they own significant shares of stock? 3. Is the stock privately held or publicly traded? Are there different classes of stock with different voting rights? 4. What do the board members contribute to the corporation in terms of knowledge, skills, background, and connections? If the corporation has international operations, do board members have international experience? 5. How long have members served on the board? 6. What is their level of involvement in strategic management? Do they merely rubber-stamp top management's proposals, or do they actively participate and suggest future directions? You have a good start here, but additional information and research would have been nice to see. Be sure to provide and cite your references. 80/100

I Feel That Men Want Sex More Than Women For Both Biological and Social Reasons

The old saying â€Å"it is a man’s world† attributes to the chauvinist characteristic of men; where clinical experts hinted on the findings that men are genetically made to primarily lead the procreation with women. As cited from the electronic article of Steve Connor (2008) in the Agonist.Org, the common notion could be relevant to the instinctive nature of men with regard to their sexual desires towards the opposite sex, wherein men prefer casual sex than women (1).Therefore, the question is; do men want sex more than women for both biological and social reasons? This hypothetical question will be the topical discussion of this paper, examining the basis of agreement or disagreement through the use of empirical findings.Situational analysisTo relate the above hypothetical question, I agree that men want sex more than women for both biological and social reasons. On the contrary, the viewpoint of Dick Masterson (2009) of MenAre BetterThanWomen.Com claims that women hav e their pitfalls as a physical and emotional weakness.Thus, my agreement will be proven by the succeeding situational analysis on the circumstance of men’s natural characteristic, relating the biological and sociological advances to women.In ‘Peeking inside the Mind of the Boy Dating Your Daughter’ by Tara Parker-Pope, which was published in 2008 by The New York Times electronic magazine, has cited that the â€Å"peer factor† critically influences the discovery of the boys about girls (1). Tara Parker-Pope (2008) has written and described the following findings:â€Å"Physical attractiveness and the desire to be acquainted with someone are the usual and familiar reasons of   boys who are sexually active, and most likely said they pursued sex without commitment of love and primarily want to explore sex or to satisfy physical desires† (2).Based on the findings, it shows that most of young men are driven by their likings getting acquainted first with women, discovering the feelings or desires for the opposite sex. It may be then analyzed that the situation of â€Å"getting acquainted† is attributed by the peer factor.As cited, many young men [especially the teenagers between the ages of 14-16] are willing to lose their virginity at the very young age since they are vulnerable to peer-pressures, and most likely willing to explore the company of women (2).On the other hand, there seems a â€Å"balance† on the attitude of men towards a sexual partner, in which adult males thinks about the idea how could the social and biological life of women adopt to the same gender relationship, pertaining to the willingness of a girl in discovering or experimenting the kind of relationship (2).However, there is case to case basis or â€Å"social circumstance† when a girl get into the same gender relationship, of which one of the factors is socio-economic survival (3).From the article ‘A New Kind of Date Rape’ by Laura Sessions Stepp (2009) which was published by Cosmopolitan electronic magazine, the varying circumstances of men’s insatiable attraction to women has been emphasized.Accordingly, there is the so-called â€Å"gray rape† which refers to having sexual relationship with someone in between consent and denial (2). Stepp (2009) implied this kind of circumstance as trauma to a woman who questions herself after having sex with someone.In other words, the â€Å"tolerance† that first instinctively happened with a partner was uncertain and could have been persistently encouraged or lured by the male partner.The circumstance of rape is always evidently demonstrating the chauvinist character of men, although there are very remote cases when women are accused of raping men. What shows in the first evidence of rape is the enticement of a man to woman (2).Like for instance is the encouragement of a man for dating a woman, showing the desire of â€Å"insistent emotion† which a woman has a weak spot of being passionately desired for neither loved or needed (3). However, this kind of insistent emotion makes women vulnerable to â€Å"gray rape† to the point of statutory sexual assault (3).Stepp (2009) pointed out that insistent emotion of men towards women are merely physical desires, aside from the â€Å"psychosocial esteem† which men commonly feels satisfied or fulfilled once they have achieved the confidence of women.As cited, several cases of rape come first as a date, wherein men stereotype the approach of seduction and intimidations (3). Further, many rape victims in urban cities were dating partners who were allured to alcohol drinking or pot sessions leading to use of drugs and other illegal substances (3).It shows that women are vulnerable to the advantages of men. On the other hand, the vulnerabilities can be found on the physical and emotional weaknesses of women which are the pitfall (3).Thus, this can be equated to the à ¢â‚¬Å"gray rape† which refers to the unpredictable or indecisive tolerance of women to accept or deny the desires of men. However, this finding is still analogous to deceitful acts of men in terms of taking the advantages or opportunity of the situation. At this juncture, Stepp (2009) categorized and wrote the findings, as follows:â€Å"Numerous studies found â€Å"gray rape† as an outcome of the modern day socio-cultural groupings of men and women where plentiful interactions through social gatherings entices flirtations as additionally triggered by alcohol and drugs, of which even encourages men to be more sexually daring and harmful† (3).In which case, Stepp (2009) also proves the â€Å"social factor† or reasons why aside from the biological aspect, men can become more viciously desiring women.Reflective of the social factor, it may be perceived that the situation tends to justify the means, pertaining to providing understanding why men commit sexual ab use. But, certain understanding to the social factor owes the analysis that men links social interactions as the â€Å"given opportunity† or established venue to entrap the vulnerability of women.As cited, social interaction can be an easement for men to set the â€Å"social rules†, misunderstanding women who look for relationship and not free-and-easy sex (3).Another sociological finding explores why men do not separate from being boys, referring to the idea that men always retain the â€Å"teenage attitude† as they grow old. Michael Kimmel in his book ‘The Perilous World Where Boys Become Men’ which was published in 2008 by Harper-Collins Publishers has argued that contemporary matured men â€Å"drift† in a life-threatening social system (2).As a sociologist, Kimmel (2008) has accounted his findings through the conduct of interviews to numerous young and adult men with different types of occupation. Kimmel wrote his following findings:  Ã ¢â‚¬Å"The typical young American man nowadays is phasing in to a newly developed social culture not perturbed or put out by the burden of family, a girlfriend, workplace and other annoyances of adult-life† (3).Kimmel (2008) implies the retention of men’s masculinity that establishes the societal structure of what he described as â€Å"guyland† being a territorial ground of men where women competes.Based on the book, the competing genre of women challenges the â€Å"guyland† which makes women more vulnerable to the effects of competition. Like for example, the prevalence of sexual harassments in workplaces manifests the dominant character of men to the opposite gender (3).Kimmel (2008) explained that the emerging â€Å"gender competition†, pertaining to the emerging women interaction to the usual men’s occupation or life-interests, poses a challenging stance to the men’s world (guyland) that entices men to explore the personality of wom en competitors.As cited, exploring the personality of woman competitor varies in a challenging discovery from simple seduction to grave intimidation (4). Thus, Kimmel (2008) critically considers the â€Å"intuition† as part of a social factor.Correlating the findings of Kimmel (2008) to the topical discussions, biological and social reasons or factors favors the agreement that men want sex more than women. The aspect of â€Å"men’s world† conjugates the natural characteristic of men for being a â€Å"pre-dominant entity† in the social structure of gender and societal personality of women.This analogy can be deduced from what Kimmel (2008) described as the â€Å"territorial ground† of men, in which also means as a social structure or system that is only ruled by men. Therefore, women must submit to the harmful challenge of men and live with it.It can be reflected that what the contemporary needs today is a crucial co-existence regardless of gender o r personality in the social system. Men and women alike must redefine their vital roles in the perspectives of developing family values so that the new generation of young men and women would be responsible procreators. At this point, Kimmel (2008) wrote the following prognosis:â€Å"To map-out the future social-world of men must redefine what men are presently made;   enabling the integral role of women in nurturing the path of their young boys from the vicious effects of society where â€Å"guyland† must reciprocate the reputation of reliable and responsible men† (6).Indeed, women have a vital role in reforming the biological and social factors affecting the behavior of men. Of which Kimmel (2008) pointed out that if women actively participate in liberating the society, then, why not specifically persevere in the parental function of women to redirect the socio-cultural reorientation within the family (7).This proposition can be acknowledged by the fact that the ro le of women in the family is to provide guidance to the children, specifically the role of mothers. At least, but not just an option, the family-value orientation stirs the consciousness of the children, becoming aware of the sociological influences that patterns behavior and beliefs of children as they grow up (7).On the same reasons, Kimmel (2008) emphasized the importance of â€Å"converting the guyland† as a territorial ground for the virtuous men who are sympathetic and ethically conforming to the morality of women (8).ConclusionThe sexual desires of men symbolize his dominant character to the opposite sex, wherein women are treated as a â€Å"utility† in the fulfillment of masculinity or chauvinism. Additionally, women’s desires for a responsive relationship are being perceive or misunderstood as a pitfall. The personality of women in the classification of gender becomes a defenseless weaker sex.

Zoot Suit Riots Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Zoot Suit Riots - Research Paper Example The Latino living in other cities of United States like San Diego, New York and Chicago were also badly affected from these riots because gradually the riots were swept in these cities as well (Eduardo: 223: 2000). The essay aims to discuss the historical background of the Zoot suit riots and intends to analyse its causes and effects upon the socio-political situation of the time. The essay presents concise chronology of the events and incidents occurred during the riots to illustrate their importance and impact upon the political history of the United States. Zoot Suit Riots – Historical Background The Zoot Suit Riots were basically outcome of the racial discrimination and tension prevailing between the Mexicans and the White Americans. Mexicans migrated and settled in different cities of United States during the twentieth century. The white Americans widely disfavoured the presence of Mexicans in different walks of life because they believe that Mexican Americans were badly affecting their social and economic conditions by occupying the resources and job positions (Eduardo: 43: 2003). During the Great Depression the demand of the Whites Americans to remove the Mexicans from the American land became very strong because they were not willing to see the Mexicans availing the employment opportunities and other resources in their country. This thinking resulted in intense racial hatred between the Mexican and White Americans (Castillo and Griswold: 367: 2000). As a result of the demands and racial threats of the White, thousands of the Mexican descents were deported from America in the early 1930s. Despite this major extraction there were still 3 million Mexicans left in United States and the highest concentration of the Mexicans was found in Los Angeles (Mazon: 132: 2002). The Mexicans in Los Angeles were limited to the oldest and most run down housing area of the city and they were also forced to work only at low level and low wages jobs. Consequently, th e lifestyles and living standard of the Mexican Americans dropped to the lowest level and most of them started living below the poverty line (Rule: 102: 1989). The print media also started spreading racial hatred against the Mexicans through inflammatory propaganda and worked for instigating social and economic discrimination against the Mexicans on racial grounds. The media also used to derogate the Mexican Americans by calling them with the name Chicanos. All of these incidents created a highly tensed social and political environment and the Mexican Americans realized the need of conducting organized efforts for the recognition of their rights in the American society. They decided to stand against the racial discrimination and created youth culture for their own and came up with the ideas of maintaining their identity through their culture and selected particular dress code as a symbol of their community (Kevin: 93: 2005). Latino Culture and Zoot Suit The Mexican Americans adopted their own music, language and dress that became famous with the name of Zoot suit. They designed a flamboyant long coat with a baggy pegged pant for the male Mexicans. In addition, they also started taking a pork pie hat along with a key chain and shoes with thick soles. They attempted to create distinct identity for their community to let people know about their unity and strength. The Latino widely started dressing up in the Zoot Suit and they selected the name Pachucos for their selves. Through this particular dressing style they attempted to make their distinguished identity in front of the masses and bring unity

Le Dejeuner Sur L'herbe By Edouard Manet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Le Dejeuner Sur L'herbe By Edouard Manet - Essay Example In my opinion, the painting was addressing the gender polarities and the social and cultural context of the environment and life that were led by individuals in the era. Moreover, the painting reveals a suburb environment because it was the only the rich that were associated with the kind of lifestyle that was composed and lavished. However, the painting also credits a post paradigm of multiple meanings and subject positions that are present in the different societies found within the globe. The painting reveals the artist neutrality that many viewers interpret as his elusiveness, but acknowledges that indeed the painting appeals to the postmodern sensibilities present in this21st era that has been characterized by globalizations of economic, social and economic era .The painting also reveals theory of negotiated affairs of mutual favors between the four images displayed on the painting and reflects the â€Å"negotiated affair of mutual favors† present within the society. In a wider context an individual can view that that both the images on the painting revealed that the women were responsible for providing other favors like sexual favors to the men and they in return dressed like men of class would gain pleasure by paying dearly for the services that were being given to them. Religiously, the painting reveals to a larger extent the immorality that had engrossed the society because the nudity and posture of the painting is contrary to the teachings of the bible. Nudity was something left for only.... However, the painting also credits a post paradigm of multiple meanings and subject positions that are present in the different societies found within the globe. The painting reveals the artist neutrality that many viewers interpret as his elusiveness, but acknowledges that indeed the painting appeals to the postmodern sensibilities present in this21st era that has been characterized by globalizations of economic, social and economic era2. The painting also reveals theory of negotiated affairs of mutual favors between the four images displayed on the painting and reflects the â€Å"negotiated affair of mutual favors† present within the society. In a wider context an individual can view that that both the images on the painting revealed that the women were responsible for providing other favors like sexual favors to the men and they in return dressed like men of class would gain pleasure by paying dearly for the services that were being given to them. Religiously, the painting reveals to a larger extent the immorality that had engrossed the society because the nudity and posture of the painting is contrary to the teachings of the bible. Nudity was something left for only married couple and it was highly sacrilegious for a woman to show her nudity to individuals apart from their husbands. Socially, the painting symbolizes prostitution in the era because it was only prostitutes who could freely reveal their nudity to their clients as they were receiving material gains and other favors from them. However, when compared to other paintings made by other artist, audiences during the era did not see any negative or immoral aspect from the painting especially from the perspective of the catholic view because

Student Success Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Student Success Plan - Essay Example The major purpose of the review is to provide helpful information on the value of the various approaches to parents and teachers so they would be better able to determine which was best for their child/student. In order to affectively ensure that educational pursuits are being taught effectively for the benefit of this young girl, we must provide a plan of action that will enhance her abilities in art and reading yet transfer those abilities toward subjects including mathematics, language, science, social science and music. There have been many studies on the subject of teaching autistic students. Autism is a very complicated disability that affects a child's cognition, perception, speech and motor abilities and so very much more. Seeking other methods for autistic children to express their intelligence has been the goal for many educators. For some with certain disabilities this requires a certain level of motivation. Possessing the ability to structured teaching is the ultimate goal of teaching this autistic girl, especially at the young age of six years. Classrooms must be structured in a specific manner for teachers to effectively teach their autistic students. ... round this young girl's strengths of reading and art would in fact be to the benefit of her educational pursuit, incorporating artistic measures into mathematics, the creation of maps for social sciences, and the use of diagrams which are designed and drawn in artistic formula. Five steps to creating the most effective learning environment and plan for a six year old with autism would require the following: A classroom which is designed to have access to the tools for drawing, painting and other design capacity would in fact be of benefit. Physical organization of the classroom environment is effective in allowing for focused attention on lessons as they are managed. Ensuring the situation in which this student will be fully functional in placement of desks, doors, and bathroom facilities will assure a balanced environment for more enhanced learning experiences. The use of color in the various teaching formats will maintain attention span and allow for focus upon the objectives of the daily lesson. Color, if used effectively, can allow associative capacity, one color for a certain activity, or a certain location in the classroom, such as the bookshelf. The use of scheduling gives a structure to classroom learning utilizing sequential memory and organization of time. Utilizing two levels of scheduling simultaneously will allow for focused individual education along with group activities. Events outlined for the entire classroom that also focus on the time to spend in individual educational pursuits. Utilizing simplified language will facilitate a greater capacity for understanding instruction and communication for both the student and the teacher and the ability to allow autistic students time alone if they need it. Simplified language and the use of pictures to

Light in the Cave Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Light in the Cave - Essay Example The view from halfway up the hill was spectacular. The impenetrable darkness of the cave had vanished as it looked illuminated. I wondered why. I slurped down hot coffee from my flask. It was soothing and I felt at peace, but my friends appeared restless. Suddenly I could see the green all around me and the glimmering hollows in trees. Sun’s rays were filtering through the trees that towered high. The view of the river flowing down the gorge on a clear day was terrific. The waters glistened in the sun. I had been oblivious to the natural world around me. Cold breeze from the riverside was comforting. The sound of soft rustling of the leaves and birds singing from a distance made the day more pleasant. My friends became animated instantly when I became ready to continue the climb. The climb was difficult but thrilling. I hopped over logs and readily crawled under bushes but never did I feel sick or tired. But my friends wanted to keep me behind them. We soon spotted the path th at wound up in the cave. The opening was too narrow to let any light in. I was curious to explore but my friends took me aside for a picture of a cliff nearby. It was still midday but cold near the limestone cave. The outer walls of the cave were smooth in some places but rough in other places. As I was standing with my back to the cave looking down the ravine, I felt a touch on my back. What a surprise it was! They were my two other friends. They had lit up the cave with firewood and candles. They gave me the best surprise on my birthday.

Improving absenteeism and exceeding break time limits at Walmart Research Paper

Improving absenteeism and exceeding break time limits at Walmart - Research Paper Example em and area for improvement (b) impact of the organization’s culture, (c) client and practitioner’s considerations, (d) diagnostic process and data collection, (e) overcoming resistance to change, (f) action plans, strategies, and techniques, and (g) OD intervention analysis. Ultimately, absenteeism leads to labor turnover. Every year, Wal-Mart needs to recruit, hire, train and retain more than 790,000 employees to refill a gap created by the left employees; it is estimated, in 2005, Wal-Mart employed 1.8 million employees globally and the turnover rate was 44 percent (Boudreau, 2010, p.125). Some conservatives estimates highlight that the turnover rate has reached to the level of 50 percent in the recent years clearly indicating that the Wal-Mart employees have developed sense that they are under-paid, offered inadequate health benefits and insecure career growth and so on (Jackson et al., 2012, p.15).This state of affair indicates that the existing causes and trends in absenteeism need to be revisited and overhauled. Before going to revisit the existing human resource policy of Wal-Mart, it is reasonable to further understand the impacts of the existing policy. In 2004, Costco hired and employed 68,000 workers and 25% of them were unionized, while Wal-Mart’s Sam’s Club employed a total of 102,000 in the same year (Holmes and Zellner, 2004). In the same article, the authors mentioned that in terms of wages alone, a Costco employee generated and earned, on average, $33,218 ($ 15.97 hourly). On the other hand, the average Sam’s Club employee earned $23, 962 ($11.52 per hour). Hypothetically speaking, if a Costco employee voluntarily quits, the turnover cost would be around $ 49,827 (1.5 times annual salary); and Sam’s Club employee would cost $ 35, 943. At the face of it, it may appear as if the low-wage strategy at Sam’s Club generates higher savings in terms of turnover but actually it is not the case (Cascio, 2006, p.42). Cascio (2006) further

Education Expenditure and Economic Growth in Nigeria Essay Example for Free

Education Expenditure and Economic Growth in Nigeria Essay Education is a process in which knowledge and social capabilities demanded, are acquired. It is to a nation, what the mind is to the body, just as a deceased mind is handicapped in the co-ordination and direction of the bodily activities setbacks in the education system would act as a hindrance to economic development. Thus, the single most significant complex of social-control tools for national development is found in the educational system; be it formal or informal. (Uwadia , 2010). It is also accepted that the development of any nation depends largely on the development of the human population in that nation which can majorly be improved through education. Smith (1937) stressed the significance of education in human capital formation. Therefore it follows that a reduction in the investment in education would affect the stock of the overall human capital base and productivity. Thus investment on education is considered to be a critical element to alleviate poverty, reduce unemployment and increase economic growth (Chukwu, 2011). It is with this knowledge that The UNESCO recommended that 26% of the annual budget be allocated to the Education sector and the agreement between the Federal Government and Staff unions on October 22, 2009 was also aimed at the improvement of the education sector. However in our study we would realize that a country like Nigeria has been operating below the percentage recommended by UNESCO as our expenditure on education usually lies around 5.3%. According to the Federal Ministry of Education (2003), the educational system in Nigeria faced ill periods between 1979-1995 due to resurgence of instability and financial inadequacies in the management, and was affected by the general economic downturn of the 1980s. In response to this, the Federal Government subsequently increased the budget allocation to education in the following years. These increments can be observed from 1995-2004 whereby education expenditure increased from N12,816,400,000 in 1995 to N93,767,886,839 in 2004. A total increase in expenditure by 631.63%. Such a huge increase in education expenditure should initiate a relatively large increase in the Nigerian education system. It is however apparent that the growth of the Nigerian economy has led to an increase in the National budget allocation to education over the years but how this in turn has played a role in the development of the Education sector, remains a puzzle unsolved. All these provoked the conduct of this study. In this vain, it is expected that in a developing country like Nigeria that seeks to achieve economic development, the increasing amounts pumped into the education sector will be utilized effectively and in turn will result to the development of Education in Nigeria. However, this is not the case. A cursory glance at the quality of our education reveals that Nigeria is a long way from reaching neither the promised land of Education for all by 2015 nor its wide dream of being one of the 20 best world economies by 2020. With more money driven into the sector and nothing to show for it, one can then infer that the cause of our torpid education system is not financial inadequacy. On the other hand, it may be a contributing factor. Hence the need for our study arises. In the light of this, this study is carried out with the aim of highlighting the relationship between education expenditure and the development of the education sector. Also, we shall show how the education standard is deteriorating despite the increment in budgetary allocations from 1995 to 2004. Explicitly, the objectives are as follows; a.To determine and assess the pattern of Government expenditure on education. b.To ascertain the performance of the education sector in comparison to Government expenditure in the sector. This study is carried out on the Nigerian education sector with emphasis on Nigeria’s budget allocation to Education and so all resources and observations to be made are restricted to Nigeria. Data and information to be used in this research are secondary data obtained. These data are to be gathered between May 30th and June 17th, 2011. This research on the Nigerian Education sector shall be based on data from 1995 to 2004 (ten years). It was in this period that a steady increase in the budget allocation to the education sector was observed. Data required to carry out this research shall be extracted from; †¢The National Bureau of Statistics publications: Federal budgetary allocations. †¢Ministry of Education, Awka Zonal Office †¢The Joint Admission Matriculation Board (JAMB) Zonal Office †¢The National Examination Council (NECO) – zonal office †¢The West Examination Council (WAEC). †¢The Central Bank of Nigeria –Annual publications on the National budget. In this research paper, the ordinary least squared method will be employed using annual time series data (1995-2004), in order to assess the impact of education expenditure on the development of the sector. This work will be done in the form of a research paper because it is an expanded essay that presents out own interpretation, evaluation and argument. We have succeeded in building upon what we know about the statement of the problem at hand.

Study of Initial Public Offerings in Saudi Arabia

Study of Initial Public Offerings in Saudi Arabia This research focuses and does a relative comparison of initial public offerings (IPOs), their motivation and pricing within Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom (UK). It looks at their respective trading bourses or stock exchange markets and the process companies go through in order get publicly listed on these trading bourses and in an attempt to raise capital from the public. The paper also addresses the economic dimension of IPOs within the respective countries, and its impact on the companies that do decide to issue and go through an initial public offering (IPO). The overall approach used to accomplish the research involves a comparative study of initial public offering (IPO) processes, the motivation of going public for companies in both Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom, and the pricing structures for the initial public offering (IPO). Needed information or data involves a look at both countries regulatory bodies, in this case the capital markets authority (CMA), from which much needed information on trading processes is be inferred from, as well as looked at. The use of questionnaires to top management of selected firms is used to give an insight into the motivations for private firms desiring to do an initial public offering (IPO). It becomes clear at the end of the study that the motivation for going public remains primarily the same across both countries, the only difference being within their regulatory bodies and requirements for doing so. Background of the Study During the last two decades, initial public offerings (IPOs) have seen a dynamic expansion in markets around the world. A literature search indicated that substantial research has been done on this topic and it has attracted policy makers attention. In addition, the IPO market has proved to involve potential uncertainty and risk due to the large amount of money invested (Ritter, 2002). Initial public offerings of stocks are the foremost important channel of new capital flow to young companies (Gregoriou, 2006). It is also defined by (Draho, 2004) as An IPO is the first time that the shares in a company are sold to public investors and subsequently traded on the stock market. Going public process is a stage when a company sells shares traded equity for the first time. For a private firm to enter the IPO, it needs an established business plan to indicate to stakeholders of the goals in which the firm will be working towards. Moreover, IPOs is a way to increase liquidity of the company that need for growth through the sale of companys owners shares to investors who believe that the company has a successful future. Going public process is preceded by the most vital process which is valuation and the principle behind this process is to justify the price of the shares which are offered to the public. Evaluation process is essential for the company to consider its value in comparison with other firms in the stock market. Moreover, it tells the company the highest price should be offered, and it will inform the buyer that the lowest price should be pay. The company should have a skilled team management, qualified accountants and underwriters to satisfy the requirements of going public and to identify the future aims and strategy after going public. (Stanley, 2005). Thereafter, other stage should take place known as Due Diligence in order to ensure that there is no opportunity for uncertain information. This stage includes advertisements which taken out in newspapers must present the entire company prospectus. The going-public process will also include a group of banks and brokers, as mentioned, to establish a price per share and the proposal must be admitted to the official list by the listing authority in the issuing country. After this is accomplished, an underwriting period allows shareholders to sell their shares to the public at the issue price; this period varies from company to company depending on company goals. It is obvious that this procedure requires time and money however; it is worth if considering long term benefits (Geddes, 2003). With regard to motivations, this study will cover the most common to give a better understanding of the advantages. Several factors are considered by decision makers to encourage companies to go public, including the chance to increase shareholders wealth by expanding operations, to enhance the companies reputation and prestige, create better organization by attraction of employees. Going public promotes a firms acquisition value and boosts customer confidence. In addition, an IPO is an easy way to finance a firm and to diversify its operations (Benton, 2005).Rousseau and Wachtel (2002) argued that the stock market provides a developed mechanism to improve the economy and raise growth rate due to liquidity exist to investors which can be used in new projects. However, financial factors are still the most important considerations in going public (Madura, 1998). IPOs are attractive and occur more regularly when other investment opportunities are not as attractive as these offerings, but as with any decision, going public has disadvantages as well as advantages. If a companys shares are traded on the stock market, it will lead to a change in ownership structure as well as a loss of control by principals; therefore, the decision making will be shared(Albarak,2005) Regarding an IPO in Saudi Arabia, transformation of enterprises companies in the kingdom to the join -stock ones is not a new experience, but the number of joint- stock companies was very little.In 1984, a decision was decree to start trading shares through local banks. In the same year, it was formation of a ministerial committee to oversee the market. Saudi Monetary Agency took over control and supervision of the market operations in 1985. 1990 it was the year of introducing the first electronic system for trading shares in Saudi Arabia. In 2001, was launched (Tadawel) trading system, add modern techniques and characteristics to keep pace with developments in the world. Financial market environment has been developed; rules and the issuance of new regulations were established. As a result of these developments Capital Market Authority was established in 2003 according to the latest standards and foundations. The combination of stock market and oil prices, has given a strong boost t o the Saudi market. CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction This chapter tends to expound on the comparison between the initial public offering (IPO) process, pricing, and the IPO implication to firms in Saudi Arabia and in the United Kingdom (UK). Several researches have been undertaken throughout the world, discussing IPO processes and its impacts on economies and businesses. Most of these previous researches have been pursued by considering a specific country; have but lacked effective comparisons with other economies. In this study, the extra mile is achieved by selecting two entirely different economies, in terms of IPO processes and financial regulations. Discussion on early researches have been made along with the effective exploration and comparison of the existing IPO process, its implications and pricing issuesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ considering Saudi Arabian and UK economy. Initial public offerings of stocks are the foremost important channel of new capital flow to young companies (Gregoriou, 2006). It is also defined by (Draho, 2004) as the first time that the shares in a company are sold to public investors and subsequently traded on the stock market. The going public process is a stage in which a company sells shares to the general public and traded as equity on a trading bourse for the first time. For a private firm to enter the IPO, it needs an established business plan to indicate to stakeholders of the goals in which the firm will be working towards. Moreover, IPOs are a way to increase liquidity of the company that need for growth through the sale of companys owners shares to investors who believe that the company has a successful future. 2.2 Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) When a private company undertakes to go public via divestment of its private equity or stock, it is said to be getting into an initial public offering (IPO). The two main reasons most firms go public include acquisition of additional capital to finance growth or the raising of finances to pay off debt. Since initial public offerings (IPOs) denote the public trading of a firms shares, it has long been documented by various literatures that many first-day trading is usually abnormal. Huge price gains are the norm in IPOs between the offer price and the closing price by the end of trading on day one. This difference in the gain in prices is rarely justifiable since the main aim of IPOs is to raise money for the company, yet as seen, money is left on the table in most instances that the company could have gained from. Academic scholars and financial experts continue to research and look into this anomaly that has continued to baffle the industry (Ritter Welch, 2002). 2.2.1 The IPO Process in Many Countries For many countries globally, the steps of going public are pretty much the same. The regulatory body in each country is usually the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), whose main role becomes a security agent in the prevention of fraud and in the protection of investor interest. Most IPOs begin with the selection of the investment bank(s) who serve as the companys underwriters. As an underwriter, the bank purchases shares from the company and sells them to the general public on behalf of the company. Due to the legal complexity IPOs can impose, attorneys are used to aid through the entire setup process. In certain instances, some firms opt to sell their shares directly to the public, but this is seldom the case. Registration statements are then prepared and submitted to the SEC. The statement contains reports of the companys fiscal health as well as the business plan during and after the IPO. Since the SEC is the regulatory body, it scans these statements and carries out its due diligence on the bank to ensure that it is in compliance with all rules and regulations needed to carry out an IPO. After finalizing with registration statements and while still waiting for SEC approval, a company needs to prepare what is known as a preliminary red herring prospectus. This is prepared with aid from the firms underwriters. The prospectus details the companys financial records, plans for the future, as well as specifications of what the price for the floated shares will be. This prospectus is primarily used by potential investors seeking more detailed information on a firm prior to buying shares and has a legal warning preceding the IPO as it awaits SEC approval. Completion of the prospectus gives way to a roadshow in which both underwriters and company officials visit various trading hubs within the country and promote the IPO. In other countries, this information is given to the public via gazette notices, broadcast announcements and distribution of prospectuses. The aim of this is to give potential investors as much information as possible regarding the company and attain feedback in relation to what potential investors feel about the whole process. Once the SEC has gone through the prospectus and given information and is satisfied all regulations and requirements have been heeded, it gives a nod for the proceeding of the IPO. Amendments are made by the company if the SEC still needs corrections to be made prior to their approval. In countries which have more than one stock exchange, the company must choose the exchange where its intended floated shares are to be sold and listed against. Arguably the most complex of all decisions in an IPO process is the decision on the price the floated shares will be sold at and how many of the same should be issued to the public. This is done with consultation with the companys underwriters. The underwriters buy huge stakes of the companys shares for sale to the market. Huge investors are also at times given the privilege to buy the same shares a day prior to listing the shares on the stock market. In countries like the US where the general public gets to buy shares in the secondary market and in which the company does not really gain from the sale at this point, the IPO process concludes for the company after underwriters and huge investors have bought the companys shares. In other countries, the general public is permitted to acquire shares from the primary market directly through stock brokers who deal directly for the company. 2.2.2 Initial Public Offering (IPO) Pricing and key Influencers/Players Traditionally, the IPO pricing was done by agreeing upon and fixing an issue price based on the capital they were trying to raise. This price was agreed upon by the company and the merchant banker. The general public was simply left with the obligation of looking at the price offered and deciding whether or not they would fill in an application form at the given price and subscribe to the issue. Researchers worldwide have arguably revealed that this method is the single largest reason for IPO under pricing (Stanley, 2005). Many IPOs are known to under price the value of a companys shares by as much as fifty percent. Said and done, neither the company nor the investment banker really ever knows the real price of the companys shares. Ironically, the answer to how much a share should be sold for falls at the discretion of the buyers since they are the ones who predetermine at the open of trading how much they are willing to pay for a share of stock. This is what can be described as the hallmark of a healthy IPO market (Shah, 1999). While this is not a realistically possible way to determine what price to sell the stock at, the underwriter looks at elements such as the value of the firm and compare it with that of similar firms, how much capital is needed from the IPO, conducts preliminary research to find out how receptive the market may be, and finally, sets upon the final decision on the price that should be floated to the general public for sale. Easy at it sounds, setting the IPO price is a very delicate and sensitive procedure that takes the effort of many stakeholders and combined calculations from accountants (Draho, 2004). Undeniably, the most important player during the IPO process is the underwriter. The underwriter in many instances is also the investment banker and his primary importance becomes that he has the appropriate distribution channels and contacts necessary for the companys shares. The underwriter also assists in determining the price of the IPO and creating enthusiasm for its listing (Geddes, 2003). The other key players include those involved in the IPO process like the SEC who are in charge of ensuring correct practices are adhered to, and last but not least the private equity company itself. The latter is extremely vital in the process as they have all insider information of the newly-to-be-listed company and any action from them can trigger a response within the trading bourse at the stock exchange. 2.3 Initial Public Offering (IPO) Process in Saudi Arabia In comparison with other developed stock exchange markets, the Saudi Stock Market (SSM) is much newer and classified as an emerging market within the Middle East and North African region. According to Al-Barrak (2005, p.32), there is no explicit list of documented IPO cases in Saudi Arabia and of all the listed companies on the SSM, just ten IPO cases occurred in Saudi Arabia from 1988 until 2004. In Saudi Arabia, companies, by law adopt the book-building process to go public. CMA handles all the application process and takes the decision on whether a company can go public or not. Eighty-five investment companies in Saudi Arabia took part in the book building process in 2009. According to the CMA, fraudulent activities can be handled beforehand, and this process ensures transparency, fairness, and equality in the system (Capital Market Authority (CMA), 2009, p 29). Oil revenues have provided great liquidity in the process of introducing new IPOs in Saudi Arabia. Investment banking in Saudi Arabia was still in its infancy until 2004, and very few firms had gone through an IPO (Al-Barrak, 2005). 2.3.1 Capital Markets Authority (CMA) Evaluation of IPOs The CMA binds firms and makes those requesting to have an IPO or seeking permission to get involved in other investment activities adhere and meet all legal, operational and financial regulations. In the process, companies are required to convince the CMA that the financial activity the company intends to get into or start is proper. Firms are also supposed to provide the evidence of all required financial and managerial expertise for any said financial undertaking (Ritter, 2002). 2.3.2 Future Developments Improvements are underway in the IPO and financial regulation process. Many private and family-owned businesses are thinking of going public due to the provision of an exit route through IPO. Regulations regarding any take-over by a company have also been laid out in an attempt to avoid hostile takeovers, and in ensuring fairness and transparency in the process. Other encouraging steps taken by the CMA have been in the defining and writing down of the listing rules, information and disclosures investors can get. These regulations, though not a quantum leap toward an ideal financial market, certainly boosted investors morale. Investors showed confidence, and Saudi Telecom experienced over 900,000 subscribers. Al-Hilad performance was amazing as the bank raised SR9 million of excess capital in 2005  [i]  . 2.4 Initial Public Offering (IPO) Process in the United Kingdom (UK) Within the United Kingdom (UK), there has been only one IPO between 1980 and 2003. The reason for this slow pace was deepened in the poor regulatory frameworks, and dual processes for having a conversion from a Limited Liability Company to publicly listing one. A strong regulatory framework could act as an incentive to the merger or listing, but such benefits have not been found within the UK in the IPO process (Ritter Welch, 2002). 2.4.1 Due Diligence To make sure that the company going public meets all necessary requirements, it is required by UK law that the companys accountants and legal advisors provide a comprehensive written report after reviewing the company from a complete legal, financial, and commercial perspective. In some cases like real estate where valuation matters a lot, the concerned investment banks are also required to submit a detailed due diligence report about valuation (Draho, 2004). 2.4.2 Pre-Initial Public Offering (IPO) Research Prior to starting any IPO promotion activity, the investment banks research analyst is responsible to make a research note on the company. This research note is issued two days prior to the IPO launch. Pre IPO law helps to educate and protect investors by providing the impartial review of the companys valuation. The research analyst provides the financial projections with their own perspective about company; which illustrated an element of impartiality in the entire process. This research also becomes a marketing tool and automatically sets market expectations regarding the company. The research note is written in light of the available companys data (Rousseau Wachtel, 2000). 2.4.3. Investor Presentation of IPO After completing all the pre-IPO requirements, presentations are used by management to promote the companys IPO. This process continues until three weeks prior of the listing. The sales team of the involved investment bank provides all the information needed by investors, and follows up the potential buyers. As investors have the option of submitting orders with their prices, the receiving or investment bank gets an idea about average price of a share that investors are willing and able to pay. While choosing the investors, companies prefer institutional investors due to long-term commitment they show. This is contrary to hedge funds which can affect a share price for short-term gains (Draho, 2004). 2.4.4 Disclosure Document The preparation of the companys prospectus is highly important for an advisor, as it can be used as a marketing tool to attract investors and for meeting the disclosure requirements of AMI and the prospectus rules for the listing companies. 2.4.5 Underwriting Agreement Within the underwriting agreement, two types of negotiations are involved: The first is between a company, its shareholders, and its respective legal advisors. The second is between an investment bank and its legal advisors. Involvement of a private equity investor is highly desired in the process (Benton, 2005). 2.4.6 Post Initial Public Offering (IPO) Requirement After a company registered as a listed company, both the investors and the board must follow the UK law, and operate the companys affairs within the stipulated UK regulatory regime. Adherence according to the financial services and market act of 2000 stipulates that insider trading laws, disclosure, and transparency rules must be ensured, as well.